Landing gear and associated systems
– Fixed landing gear: tail wheel assemblies, nose wheel types, shock struts, shock or bungee cords, bracing, spring steel struts, air-oil oleo struts, springoleo struts, floats and skids.
– Retractable landing gear: geometry, construction, actuation, locking, position indication, torque links, drag braces and bogey beams.
– Limit vertical inertia load factor and energy dissipation rate.
– Tail wheel and nose wheel types, track-type gear, tandem and multicontact gears, crosswind landing gear, anti-shimmy mechanisms, gear doors and mech- anisms, and emergency extension.
– Nose wheel steering: principles, control, actuation, maintenance and inspection’
– Wheels and tyres: treads, size, construction, speed limits, identification/markings, pressures, valves, safety devices, inflation, inspection and maintenance.
– Brakes: braking factors, actuation, heat dissipation, anti-skid devices, disc brakes, drum brakes and expand- ing tube brakes.
– Auto-brakes, single and dual servo brakes, and master cylinders.

Ice and rain protection
– Ice formation on aircraft, engines and propellers, its effects and classification – Anti-icing systems: electric, thermal and chemical.
– De-icing systems: electric, pneumatic and chemical sensors, and indicators for quantity or temperature cyclic systems.
– Chemical rain repellant systems.
– Pneumatic rain removal.
– Ice detection systems.
– Water and toilet drain heater
– Windshield wipers: electric and hydraulic
– Demisting
– Ground removal of frost, ice and snow: temperatures, time limits, materials and application techniques.

Cabin systems and installation
– Water systems and pressure control.
– Safety installations: emergency exits, life jackets and dinghies, escape slides, harnesses and safety belts, seats and seat belts, freight stowage, and catering trolleys, and crash, rescue and first aid equipment.
– Operation of safety devices and control of service power supply (such as refrigeration, galleys, heaters and other cabin equipment including lift mechanisms).
– Toilet and sanitary equipment including health precautions.
– Waste collection and drainage.
– Safety precautions related to emergency exits and escape slides.
– Cabin entertainment (films, video, television and audio) and public address.
– Furnishings, soundproofing, and role change equipment.
– Operation of internal and external, normal and emergency lighting systems.

Environmental, air conditioning and oxygen systems
– Gas composition of the atmosphere and the physical properties of oxygen.
– Understanding of hypoxia, anoxia, hyperventilation and carbon monoxide poisoning, including related symptoms for each.
– Elements and principles of cabin air conditioning: power, air supply, cabin structure, pressure control, pneumatic and electronic control devices and sensors, safety and warning devices.
– Cooling and heating: air cycle machines, refrigeration equipment, vapour cycle systems and controls, elec- trical, exhaust and combustion heaters, temperature control equipment, and circulation systems.
– Humidity control : humidification, water separation, and humidity control devices.
– Oxygen system : oxygen storage, distribution and production.
– System components : regulators (continuous flow, demand, diluter-demand and pressure-demand types), oxygen bottles, identification of oxygen equipment, demand valves, charging valves, quantity and pressure indication, pipes and connectors, masks, safety and pressure relief devices, liquid oxygen systems, gaseous oxygen system, chemical oxygen systems, onboard oxygen generation systems, and purging method for oxygen systems.
– Safety precautions related to the handling and replenishment of oxygen system.
– Testing of oxygen systems, pressure cabins and test equipment.
– Bleed air, turbo-charged bleed air, mass flow control, temperature control, differential pressure and maximum pressure.

Fire warning, protection and control systems
– Aircraft and engine fire warning principles and control
– Principles of fire and smoke warning and detection systems
– Principles of fire extinguishers: extinguishing agents, types of extinguishers and their operation.
– Installation layout of typical fire warning and detection systems in aircraft and their operation.
– Awareness of life limitations of fire extinguisher components.
– Testing of fire warning/detection/extinguisher systems.
– Precautions to be taken during servicing and maintenance.
– Centralized warning systems, principles of inputs- outputs and priority philosophy.

Fuel supply systems
– Layout of fuel supply system for piston- and turbine- powered aircraft – Contents indication, instrument and electrical interface.
– Identification and location of fuel system components.
– Fuel spesific gravit, densiometer, and fuel properties.
– Boost/scavenge systems.
– Non-return valves : refuelling/de-fuelling/fuel dump.
– Venting, tank sealing, and sealants.
– Usable/unusable fuel.
– Use of fuel for aircraft trim control.

Wings, primary and auxiliary control surfaces
– Wing construction methods: monospar, multispar, and box beam – Wood, metal and composite spars.
– Constructional features: ribs, struts, wires, tie rods, braces, stringers, stressed skin, and biplanes.
– Leading and trailing edges, and wing tips.
– Fuel tanks: integral and detachable, internal and external, sealing of fuel tanks and inspection of tanks.
– Load distribution on cantilever spar beams.
– Special construction methods: spot welding, adhesive bonding, honeycomb structures, integral milling, and contour etching.
– Constructional and general features of primary and auxiliary control surfaces.
– Static and aerodynamic balancing of control surfaces.
– Calculations for the balance of controls following repair or repainting.
– Trim and balance tabs, and mass balance.

Operation, control, construction and indication
– Fuel boost pumps, engine high-pressure pumps and fuel heaters.
– Refuel/de-fuel, feed, jettison and cross-feed systems.
– Fuel valve operation and control.

Landing gear and associated systems
– Fixed landing gear: tail wheel assemblies, nose wheel types, shock struts, shock or bungee cords, bracing, spring steel struts, air-oil oleo struts, springoleo struts, floats and skids.
– Retractable landing gear: geometry, construction, actuation, locking, position indication, torque links, drag braces and bogey beams.
– Limit vertical inertia load factor and energy dissipation rate.
– Tail wheel and nose wheel types, track-type gear, tandem and multicontact gears, crosswind landing gear, anti-shimmy mechanisms, gear doors and mech- anisms, and emergency extension.
– Nose wheel steering: principles, control, actuation, maintenance and inspection’
– Wheels and tyres: treads, size, construction, speed limits, identification/markings, pressures, valves, safety devices, inflation, inspection and maintenance.
– Brakes: braking factors, actuation, heat dissipation, anti-skid devices, disc brakes, drum brakes and expand- ing tube brakes.
– Auto-brakes, single and dual servo brakes, and master cylinders.

Ice and rain protection
– Ice formation on aircraft, engines and propellers, its effects and classification – Anti-icing systems: electric, thermal and chemical.
– De-icing systems: electric, pneumatic and chemical sensors, and indicators for quantity or temperature cyclic systems.
– Chemical rain repellant systems.
– Pneumatic rain removal.
– Ice detection systems.
– Water and toilet drain heater
– Windshield wipers: electric and hydraulic
– Demisting
– Ground removal of frost, ice and snow: temperatures, time limits, materials and application techniques.

Cabin systems and installation
– Water systems and pressure control.
– Safety installations: emergency exits, life jackets and dinghies, escape slides, harnesses and safety belts, seats and seat belts, freight stowage, and catering trolleys, and crash, rescue and first aid equipment.
– Operation of safety devices and control of service power supply (such as refrigeration, galleys, heaters and other cabin equipment including lift mechanisms).
– Toilet and sanitary equipment including health precautions.
– Waste collection and drainage.
– Safety precautions related to emergency exits and escape slides.
– Cabin entertainment (films, video, television and audio) and public address.
– Furnishings, soundproofing, and role change equipment.
– Operation of internal and external, normal and emergency lighting systems.

Environmental, air conditioning and oxygen systems
– Gas composition of the atmosphere and the physical properties of oxygen.
– Understanding of hypoxia, anoxia, hyperventilation and carbon monoxide poisoning, including related symptoms for each.
– Elements and principles of cabin air conditioning: power, air supply, cabin structure, pressure control, pneumatic and electronic control devices and sensors, safety and warning devices.
– Cooling and heating: air cycle machines, refrigeration equipment, vapour cycle systems and controls, elec- trical, exhaust and combustion heaters, temperature control equipment, and circulation systems.
– Humidity control : humidification, water separation, and humidity control devices.
– Oxygen system : oxygen storage, distribution and production.
– System components : regulators (continuous flow, demand, diluter-demand and pressure-demand types), oxygen bottles, identification of oxygen equipment, demand valves, charging valves, quantity and pressure indication, pipes and connectors, masks, safety and pressure relief devices, liquid oxygen systems, gaseous oxygen system, chemical oxygen systems, onboard oxygen generation systems, and purging method for oxygen systems.
– Safety precautions related to the handling and replenishment of oxygen system.
– Testing of oxygen systems, pressure cabins and test equipment.
– Bleed air, turbo-charged bleed air, mass flow control, temperature control, differential pressure and maximum pressure.

Fire warning, protection and control systems
– Aircraft and engine fire warning principles and control
– Principles of fire and smoke warning and detection systems
– Principles of fire extinguishers: extinguishing agents, types of extinguishers and their operation.
– Installation layout of typical fire warning and detection systems in aircraft and their operation.
– Awareness of life limitations of fire extinguisher components.
– Testing of fire warning/detection/extinguisher systems.
– Precautions to be taken during servicing and maintenance.
– Centralized warning systems, principles of inputs- outputs and priority philosophy.

Fuel supply systems
– Layout of fuel supply system for piston- and turbine- powered aircraft – Contents indication, instrument and electrical interface.
– Identification and location of fuel system components.
– Fuel spesific gravit, densiometer, and fuel properties.
– Boost/scavenge systems.
– Non-return valves : refuelling/de-fuelling/fuel dump.
– Venting, tank sealing, and sealants.
– Usable/unusable fuel.
– Use of fuel for aircraft trim control.

Wings, primary and auxiliary control surfaces
– Wing construction methods: monospar, multispar, and box beam – Wood, metal and composite spars.
– Constructional features: ribs, struts, wires, tie rods, braces, stringers, stressed skin, and biplanes.
– Leading and trailing edges, and wing tips.
– Fuel tanks: integral and detachable, internal and external, sealing of fuel tanks and inspection of tanks.
– Load distribution on cantilever spar beams.
– Special construction methods: spot welding, adhesive bonding, honeycomb structures, integral milling, and contour etching.
– Constructional and general features of primary and auxiliary control surfaces.
– Static and aerodynamic balancing of control surfaces.
– Calculations for the balance of controls following repair or repainting.
– Trim and balance tabs, and mass balance.

Operation, control, construction and indication
– Fuel boost pumps, engine high-pressure pumps and fuel heaters.
– Refuel/de-fuel, feed, jettison and cross-feed systems.
– Fuel valve operation and control.

Inspection of structures
– Understanding of the following terms:
• fuselage station
• wing station
• water lines
• butt lines or buttock lines
– ATA-100 zoning system used to identify aircraft component locations and access points.
– Inspection of structures for wear, damage and deterioration.
– Identification of visual indications of flight or ground overloads, structural failure of adjacent members and corrosion.
– Classification of damage, repair or maintenance implications attributed to structures.

Airframe symmetry
– Methods of alignment and symmetry checks: wings and horizontal stabilizers for dihedral and incidence; vertical stabilizers for alignment; fuselage for twist and bending, and complete airframe for symmetry.
– Understanding of the following terms as they are applied to airframe symmetry requirements:
• rigging position
• incidence angle
• wash in
• wash out
• anhedral
• dihedral
• longitudinal dihedral
• stagger
• decolage
• cabane struts
• interplane struts

Fastener installation
– Identification of solid and blind rivets by head markings, physical characteristics and identification number.
– Requirement for edge distance, pitch and gauge for rivet installation – Identification of incorrectly installed rivets and rivet failure.
– Understanding of the following terms in relation to rivet design, installation or layout:
• Pitch
• Gauge
• Clearance
• Dimpling
• Shaving
• Countersinking

Sheet metal repair in aircraft
– Understanding of the following processes used in the fabrication/repair of sheet metal parts: folding, bumping, dimpling, crimping, stretching, shrinking, joggling, coining operation and use of the hand and power tools such as shears, presses, brakes/folding machines, roll formers, cutters and guillotine.
– Calculation of bend allowance and setback.
– Calculation of geometric shapes: circumference of circles, length and angles of the sides of triangles, etc.
– Calculation of weight of completed repair and determination of its effect on surrounding structure.

Tubular structure repair
– Design characteristics: angles and dimensions of tubular weld repairs patching, inner and outer sleeves, and splicing.
– Typical non-welded repairs of tubular structural members.

Window and windshield repairs
– Hot and cold methods of forming acrylic sheet
– Considerations and precautions to be taken when cutting acrylic sheet – Cementing and curing of acrylic sheet.
– Finishing methods for acrylic sheet, buffing, polishing and cleaning.
– Glass windshield : construction, lamination, fitting, removal, handling, storage, inspection, heating, sealing, cleaning, and minor damage repair techniques.

Pressurized structures
– Understanding of aircraft design related to load transfer, load path continuity and reduction of stress raisers in pressurized fuselages.
– Methods by which doors and other large cutouts are restrained from opening under pressurization loads.
– Methods used to seal structure and components to the structure of airframe pressure cells.
– Methods used to ensure structural protection from rapid decompression.
– Sealing methods at pressure bulkheads for control and electrical cables.
– Sealing methods used in doors and cutouts in pressure cells.
– Maintenance precautions in maintenance of blowout panels, airflow louvres, and decompression doors.
– Methods used to achieve minimum drag and aero- dynamically clean structures.

Surface protection and paint systems
– Methods for the removal of existing corrosion protection and surface corrosion
– Methods of preparation, cleaning and degreasing prior to surface treatment – Methods of pre-treatment prior to application of finishes.
– Various types of primers; advantages, disadvantages and uses.
– Various types of topcoat finishes: advantages, disadvantages and uses.
– Physical conditions necessary for correct application of particular finishes:
temperature, humidity, dust free, etc.

Float planes, amphibians and flying boats
– Floats: design, construction, material, corrosion protection, draining and plugs drive generator systems, and data bus system.
– Hull : shape, step, planing and starkes.
– Water rudders : design, construction and control.
– Mooring, fitting and mooring points, tie down points, anchors and life jackets. – Taxiing, manouvre and control of aircraft on water. – Docking and slipping.

Inspection of structures
– Understanding of the following terms:
• fuselage station
• wing station
• water lines
• butt lines or buttock lines
– ATA-100 zoning system used to identify aircraft component locations and access points.
– Inspection of structures for wear, damage and deterioration.
– Identification of visual indications of flight or ground overloads, structural failure of adjacent members and corrosion.
– Classification of damage, repair or maintenance implications attributed to structures.

Airframe symmetry
– Methods of alignment and symmetry checks: wings and horizontal stabilizers for dihedral and incidence; vertical stabilizers for alignment; fuselage for twist and bending, and complete airframe for symmetry.
– Understanding of the following terms as they are applied to airframe symmetry requirements:
• rigging position
• incidence angle
• wash in
• wash out
• anhedral
• dihedral
• longitudinal dihedral
• stagger
• decolage
• cabane struts
• interplane struts

Fastener installation
– Identification of solid and blind rivets by head markings, physical characteristics and identification number.
– Requirement for edge distance, pitch and gauge for rivet installation – Identification of incorrectly installed rivets and rivet failure.
– Understanding of the following terms in relation to rivet design, installation or layout:
• Pitch
• Gauge
• Clearance
• Dimpling
• Shaving
• Countersinking

Sheet metal repair in aircraft
– Understanding of the following processes used in the fabrication/repair of sheet metal parts: folding, bumping, dimpling, crimping, stretching, shrinking, joggling, coining operation and use of the hand and power tools such as shears, presses, brakes/folding machines, roll formers, cutters and guillotine.
– Calculation of bend allowance and setback.
– Calculation of geometric shapes: circumference of circles, length and angles of the sides of triangles, etc.
– Calculation of weight of completed repair and determination of its effect on surrounding structure.

Tubular structure repair
– Design characteristics: angles and dimensions of tubular weld repairs patching, inner and outer sleeves, and splicing.
– Typical non-welded repairs of tubular structural members.

Window and windshield repairs
– Hot and cold methods of forming acrylic sheet
– Considerations and precautions to be taken when cutting acrylic sheet – Cementing and curing of acrylic sheet.
– Finishing methods for acrylic sheet, buffing, polishing and cleaning.
– Glass windshield : construction, lamination, fitting, removal, handling, storage, inspection, heating, sealing, cleaning, and minor damage repair techniques.

Pressurized structures
– Understanding of aircraft design related to load transfer, load path continuity and reduction of stress raisers in pressurized fuselages.
– Methods by which doors and other large cutouts are restrained from opening under pressurization loads.
– Methods used to seal structure and components to the structure of airframe pressure cells.
– Methods used to ensure structural protection from rapid decompression.
– Sealing methods at pressure bulkheads for control and electrical cables.
– Sealing methods used in doors and cutouts in pressure cells.
– Maintenance precautions in maintenance of blowout panels, airflow louvres, and decompression doors.
– Methods used to achieve minimum drag and aero- dynamically clean structures.

Surface protection and paint systems
– Methods for the removal of existing corrosion protection and surface corrosion
– Methods of preparation, cleaning and degreasing prior to surface treatment – Methods of pre-treatment prior to application of finishes.
– Various types of primers; advantages, disadvantages and uses.
– Various types of topcoat finishes: advantages, disadvantages and uses.
– Physical conditions necessary for correct application of particular finishes:
temperature, humidity, dust free, etc.

Float planes, amphibians and flying boats
– Floats: design, construction, material, corrosion protection, draining and plugs drive generator systems, and data bus system.
– Hull : shape, step, planing and starkes.
– Water rudders : design, construction and control.
– Mooring, fitting and mooring points, tie down points, anchors and life jackets. – Taxiing, manouvre and control of aircraft on water. – Docking and slipping.

Engine construction: Top end
– Constructional features, function, and classification and material composition of: cylinders, pistons, piston rings, piston or gudgeon pins, connecting rods, inlet and exhaust manifolds. ”

Engine construction: Valves and valve operating mechanisms
– Constructional features, function, classification and material composition of: rocker assemblies, push rods, cam followers, tappets, inlet and exhaust valves/seats/ guides/springs.
– Valve types: poppet, sleeve, rotary, disc and reed.

Engine construction: Bottom end
– Constructional features, function, classification and material composition of: crankshafts, cam shafts, cam rings, engine casings, sumps, and accessory/reduction gearboxes.
– Typical ball, roller and plain bearings.

Engine power
– Calculation of mechanical efficiency, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, piston displacement and compression ratio from given information.
– Effect of incorrect valve timing on the above parameters.
– Measurement of piston displacement, compression ratio and manifold pressure.

Engine power measurement
– Determination/calculation of horsepower (HP) and/or kilowatt (KW); indicated horsepower (IHP); friction horsepower (FHP); brake horsepower (BHP); indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP); brake mean effective pressure (BMEP); friction mean effective pressure (FMEP).
– Plot of fuel consumption and engine power charts from given information.

Factors affecting engine power
– Rich and lean mixture burn rates and effect upon engine.
– Symptoms and causes of: pre-ignition, detonation, after firing and backfiring.
– Calculation of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) from given engine data. – Definition of the following terms:
• Stoichiometric mixture.
• Rich best power mixture.
• Lean best power mixture.
• Cruise power mixture.

Classification of engine lubricants and fuels
– Properties and specific uses of mineral, ashless dispersant, detergent and hypoid oils.
– Terms in relation to engine oil ratings: viscosity and viscosity index, flashpoint, pour point and cloud point.
– Classification methods of piston engine fuels (aviation gasolines).
– Terms in relation to piston engine fuels: octane rating, anti-knock additive (tetraethyl lead), performance number, volatility, specific gravity, and Reid vapour pressure test values.
– Grease: types, characteristics and uses.

Magneto ignition system principles
– Magneto principles.
– Terms: “E” gap, flux eddies, flux reversal, etc.
– Function of contact breaker and condenser/capacitor distributor.
– Primary and secondary systems.

Ignition systems
– Construction of polar inductor and rotating magnet magneto types.
– Effect on timing of magneto points gapping.
– Advanced and retarded ignition timing.
– Magneto switches, harnesses, screening and bonding.
– Construction and function of magneto compensating cam.
– Battery ignition systems.
– Auxiliary ignition systems, booster coil, induction vibrator and impulse coupling.
– Low and high tension systems.
– Safety precautions associated with ignition systems.

Spark plugs and ignition leads
– Constructional features and materials, temperature classification, reach, gapping and effect on spark plug performance.
– Diagnosis of engine condition by spark plug appearance.
– Ignition lead/harness construction, features and screening.

Float chamber carburetors
Principles, features and construction.
– Configurations, updraught and downdraught.
– Operation of: throttle valves, main and idle jets, power enrichment systems, float chambers, discharge nozzles, accelerator pumps, mixture control systems, and altitude control.
– Causes and effects of impact, throttle and fuel ice.
– Carburettors heat.

Pressure injection carburettors
– Principles, features and construction.
– Operation of air/fuel metering forces, mixture control system, idle system, acceleration system and power enrichment system (manual/airflow).

Fuel injection systems
Principles, features and construction.
– Operation and function of air/fuel metering forces, impact tubes, venturis, flow dividers, throttle valves, altitude mixture controls, fuel injection nozzles, fuel injection pumps, fuel control units, and electronic control.

Lubrication systems
– Principles, features, operation and construction of wet and dry sump lubrication systems.
– Operation, features and construction of pressure pumps, scavenge pumps, oil coolers, oil cooler regulators, oil tank/hoppers, relief valves, check valves, oil filters, and oil dilution systems.
– Oil pressure regulation and indication.

Induction, exhaust and cooling systems
– Construction and operation of typical engine induction/intake and alternate air systems.
– Construction, features, material and operation of typical engine exhaust systems.
– Engine cooling: air and liquid, and cooling efficiency.
– Radiators, liquid jackets, pipes and connections.
– Coolant fluids: types, characteristics and hazards.
– Heat exchangers, fins, baffles, cowls, cowl flaps, gills, panels, and air seals.

Supercharging/Turbocharging
– Principles and purpose of supercharging and its effects on charge density and temperature; brake horsepower (BHP); manifold absolute pressure (MAP); detonation; revolutions per minute (RPM); fuel consumption.
– Construction and operation of typical geared super- charger.
– Construction and function of impeller; diffuser; engine gear drives; turbine; intercooler.
– Understanding of the following terms:
• rated altitude
• critical altitude
• overshoot
• boot strapping
• upper deck pressure
• manifold pressure
– System configurations: internal (supercharger), external (turbo supercharger), multi-stage and multi-speed.
– Differences between ground and altitude boosted engines.
– Function and construction of system control components: absolute pressure controller; variable absolute pressure controller; ratio controller; manifold pressure relief valve; waste gate assembly.
– Operation and function of system with ground adjusted waste gate valve and manifold pressure relief valve.
– Function, requirements and operation of lubrication system.
– Identification of supercharging faults involving low power, surging, low deck pressure, high deck pressure, low critical altitude, and low oil pressure.
– Lubrication system and protective devices.
– Control system adjustments.

Rotary (Wankel) engine theory
– Analysis of Wankel (rotary) cycle.
– Rotor design and shape: rotor tip seals.
– Combustion chamber shape and sealing.
– Rotor shaft and epitrochoidal gear drive to output shaft.
– Unit construction, weight, power, and fuel consumption.
– Lubrication system.
– Carburation and control system adjustments.

Piston engine installation
– Safety precautions associated with the installation and removal of engines.
– Storage, preservation and inhibiting techniques required for piston engines.
– Engine bearers, anti-vibration mounts, and bearer mounting points.
– Hoses, pipes, feeders and connections from systems to engine.
– Control lines and cable lifting points.
– Inspection of engine bearers for serviceability and condition.
– Cowls, drains, electrical wiring, exhaust and inlets associated with engine installations.

Piston engine operation, maintenance and ground running
– Precautions and pre-start checks prior to ground running a piston engine.
– General precautions for starting, running and stopping a piston engine.
– Use of power charts and graphs to determine engine performance.
– Determination of piston engine defects from data obtained during an engine run.
– Maintenance procedures: removal, replacement and inspection of valve operating assemblies, cylinders, pistons, bearings and associated components.
– Top-end overhauls.
– Understanding of the use of maintenance data in Specification 100 or 2100 of the Air Transport Association (of America) (ATA).

Engine construction: Top end
– Constructional features, function, and classification and material composition of: cylinders, pistons, piston rings, piston or gudgeon pins, connecting rods, inlet and exhaust manifolds. ”

Engine construction: Valves and valve operating mechanisms
– Constructional features, function, classification and material composition of: rocker assemblies, push rods, cam followers, tappets, inlet and exhaust valves/seats/ guides/springs.
– Valve types: poppet, sleeve, rotary, disc and reed.

Engine construction: Bottom end
– Constructional features, function, classification and material composition of: crankshafts, cam shafts, cam rings, engine casings, sumps, and accessory/reduction gearboxes.
– Typical ball, roller and plain bearings.

Engine power
– Calculation of mechanical efficiency, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, piston displacement and compression ratio from given information.
– Effect of incorrect valve timing on the above parameters.
– Measurement of piston displacement, compression ratio and manifold pressure.

Engine power measurement
– Determination/calculation of horsepower (HP) and/or kilowatt (KW); indicated horsepower (IHP); friction horsepower (FHP); brake horsepower (BHP); indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP); brake mean effective pressure (BMEP); friction mean effective pressure (FMEP).
– Plot of fuel consumption and engine power charts from given information.

Factors affecting engine power
– Rich and lean mixture burn rates and effect upon engine.
– Symptoms and causes of: pre-ignition, detonation, after firing and backfiring.
– Calculation of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) from given engine data. – Definition of the following terms:
• Stoichiometric mixture.
• Rich best power mixture.
• Lean best power mixture.
• Cruise power mixture.

Classification of engine lubricants and fuels
– Properties and specific uses of mineral, ashless dispersant, detergent and hypoid oils.
– Terms in relation to engine oil ratings: viscosity and viscosity index, flashpoint, pour point and cloud point.
– Classification methods of piston engine fuels (aviation gasolines).
– Terms in relation to piston engine fuels: octane rating, anti-knock additive (tetraethyl lead), performance number, volatility, specific gravity, and Reid vapour pressure test values.
– Grease: types, characteristics and uses.

Magneto ignition system principles
– Magneto principles.
– Terms: “E” gap, flux eddies, flux reversal, etc.
– Function of contact breaker and condenser/capacitor distributor.
– Primary and secondary systems.

Ignition systems
– Construction of polar inductor and rotating magnet magneto types.
– Effect on timing of magneto points gapping.
– Advanced and retarded ignition timing.
– Magneto switches, harnesses, screening and bonding.
– Construction and function of magneto compensating cam.
– Battery ignition systems.
– Auxiliary ignition systems, booster coil, induction vibrator and impulse coupling.
– Low and high tension systems.
– Safety precautions associated with ignition systems.

Spark plugs and ignition leads
– Constructional features and materials, temperature classification, reach, gapping and effect on spark plug performance.
– Diagnosis of engine condition by spark plug appearance.
– Ignition lead/harness construction, features and screening.

Float chamber carburetors
Principles, features and construction.
– Configurations, updraught and downdraught.
– Operation of: throttle valves, main and idle jets, power enrichment systems, float chambers, discharge nozzles, accelerator pumps, mixture control systems, and altitude control.
– Causes and effects of impact, throttle and fuel ice.
– Carburettors heat.

Pressure injection carburettors
– Principles, features and construction.
– Operation of air/fuel metering forces, mixture control system, idle system, acceleration system and power enrichment system (manual/airflow).

Fuel injection systems
Principles, features and construction.
– Operation and function of air/fuel metering forces, impact tubes, venturis, flow dividers, throttle valves, altitude mixture controls, fuel injection nozzles, fuel injection pumps, fuel control units, and electronic control.

Lubrication systems
– Principles, features, operation and construction of wet and dry sump lubrication systems.
– Operation, features and construction of pressure pumps, scavenge pumps, oil coolers, oil cooler regulators, oil tank/hoppers, relief valves, check valves, oil filters, and oil dilution systems.
– Oil pressure regulation and indication.

Induction, exhaust and cooling systems
– Construction and operation of typical engine induction/intake and alternate air systems.
– Construction, features, material and operation of typical engine exhaust systems.
– Engine cooling: air and liquid, and cooling efficiency.
– Radiators, liquid jackets, pipes and connections.
– Coolant fluids: types, characteristics and hazards.
– Heat exchangers, fins, baffles, cowls, cowl flaps, gills, panels, and air seals.

Supercharging/Turbocharging
– Principles and purpose of supercharging and its effects on charge density and temperature; brake horsepower (BHP); manifold absolute pressure (MAP); detonation; revolutions per minute (RPM); fuel consumption.
– Construction and operation of typical geared super- charger.
– Construction and function of impeller; diffuser; engine gear drives; turbine; intercooler.
– Understanding of the following terms:
• rated altitude
• critical altitude
• overshoot
• boot strapping
• upper deck pressure
• manifold pressure
– System configurations: internal (supercharger), external (turbo supercharger), multi-stage and multi-speed.
– Differences between ground and altitude boosted engines.
– Function and construction of system control components: absolute pressure controller; variable absolute pressure controller; ratio controller; manifold pressure relief valve; waste gate assembly.
– Operation and function of system with ground adjusted waste gate valve and manifold pressure relief valve.
– Function, requirements and operation of lubrication system.
– Identification of supercharging faults involving low power, surging, low deck pressure, high deck pressure, low critical altitude, and low oil pressure.
– Lubrication system and protective devices.
– Control system adjustments.

Rotary (Wankel) engine theory
– Analysis of Wankel (rotary) cycle.
– Rotor design and shape: rotor tip seals.
– Combustion chamber shape and sealing.
– Rotor shaft and epitrochoidal gear drive to output shaft.
– Unit construction, weight, power, and fuel consumption.
– Lubrication system.
– Carburation and control system adjustments.

Piston engine installation
– Safety precautions associated with the installation and removal of engines.
– Storage, preservation and inhibiting techniques required for piston engines.
– Engine bearers, anti-vibration mounts, and bearer mounting points.
– Hoses, pipes, feeders and connections from systems to engine.
– Control lines and cable lifting points.
– Inspection of engine bearers for serviceability and condition.
– Cowls, drains, electrical wiring, exhaust and inlets associated with engine installations.

Piston engine operation, maintenance and ground running
– Precautions and pre-start checks prior to ground running a piston engine.
– General precautions for starting, running and stopping a piston engine.
– Use of power charts and graphs to determine engine performance.
– Determination of piston engine defects from data obtained during an engine run.
– Maintenance procedures: removal, replacement and inspection of valve operating assemblies, cylinders, pistons, bearings and associated components.
– Top-end overhauls.
– Understanding of the use of maintenance data in Specification 100 or 2100 of the Air Transport Association (of America) (ATA).

Principles of propulsion
– Undestanding of the following conditions, their relationship to each other and their application to engine operation :
• Gross thrust.
• Net thrust.
• Chocked nozzle thrust.
• Thrust distribution.
• Resultant thrust
• Thrust horsepower
• Equivalent shaft horsepower
• Spesific fuel consumption.
– Adiabatic, thermal and propulsive engine efficiencies and ways to derive them. – Bypass ratio and engine pressure ratio.
– Pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas flow as it passes through each section of engine.

Inlet ducts
– Principles of operation and construction of the following compressor inlet ducts: subsonic, supersonic and bell-mouth.
– Effects on pressure, velocity and temperature of airflow through convergent, divergent and convergent- divergent ducts.
– Effects of ram recovery and the causes of inlet duct losses.

Centrifugal compressors
– Constructional features, materials, operating principles and applications of single stage and multi-stage centrifugal compressors.
– Purpose and function of impellers, diffusers, and inlet guide vanes.
– Pressure ratios, inspection and balancing.

Axial compressors
– Constructional features, materials, operating principles and applications of the following axial flow compressors: single spool, dual/twin spool and triple spool.
– Purpose and function of rotor blades, stator blades, and fixed inlet guide vanes and variable inlet guide vanes.

Compressor operation
– Purpose, constructional features, materials, operating principles and application of the following axial flow compressors : single spool, dual/twin spool and triple spool.
– Causes, effect and control of compressor stall and surge.
– Principal methods of air flow control : bleed valves, variable inlet guide vanes, variable stator vanes and rotating stator vanes.
– Compressor ratio and ways to derive it.

Combustion section
– Constructional features, materials and principles of operation of the following combustion chambers and their respective advantages and disadvantages :
can type, can-annular type and reverse flow annular type. – Understanding of the following terms :
• Primary zone/airflow
• Secondary xone/airflow (dilution and cooling)
• Combustion fuel/air ratio
• Overall fuel/air ratio
• Flame temperatures
• Flame stabilization
– Construction, purpose and principles of simplex (single orifice) atomizing fuel nozzles, duplex (dual orifice) atomizing fuel nozzles, spill type atomizing fuel nozzles and vapourizing type nozzles.
– Construction, purpose and operation of swirl chambers, air shrouds and discharge orifice.

Turbine section
– Principles of operation and characteristics of the following turbine blading: impulse, reaction and impulse-reaction.
– Purpose and function of nozzle guide vanes and driving force for impulse and impulse reaction turbines.
– Differences between turbine power extractions require- ments for turbojet, turbofan and turboprop engines.
– Various methods of turbine blade to disc attachment.
– Causes and effects of turbine blade stress.
– Factors which determine blade creep.
– Constructional properties of typical materials used in the fabrication of turbine components.

Exhaust section
– Constructional features, purpose, operating principles and materilas of exhaust system: cone, tailpipe, propelling nozzle, cooling shroud, and gas flow straighteners.
– Purposes of convergent, divergent and variable area nozzles.
– Pressure, velocity and temperature changes that occur in various types of exhaust systems.
– Principles of operation, constructional features and purpose of thrust reverser.
– Effect of thrust reverses on engine effecieny, re-ingestion of exhaust gases, and magnitude of reverse thrust produced.
– Methods of reducing engine noise level.
– Relationship between turbulence and energy in the exhaust gas stream to engine noise levels, typical noise patterns and methods of reducing noise levels.

Bearings and seals
– Types, constructional features and principles of operation of bearings used in gas turbine engines.
– Primary loads and causes acting on the engine main bearings.
– Purpose, construction and principles of operation of typical gas turbine engine bearing seals.

Classification and properties of lubricants and fuels
– Basic requirements of a gas turbine lubricant: viscosity and viscosity index.
– Desirable characteristics of synthetic-based lubricants: low volatility, antifoaming quality, low lacquers and coke deposit, high flashpoint, and low pour point.
– Properties of gas turbine fuels: specific gravity, calorific value, vapour pressure, flashpoint, fire hazard, fuel icing, and corrosion characteristics.
– Fuel additives: anti-icing and anti-microbiological.
– Ground handling requirements and safety precautions to be observed in relation to gas turbine engine fuels, oils and additives.
– Effects of the following on safety, handling and inspection procedures: exposure to skin or eyes, flammability, misting, evaporation rate, gum formation, corrosion, contamination (water and dirt), and sampling.

Lubrication systems
– Arrangement, requirements and principles of operation of gas turbine engine lubrication system.
– Function, relationship and typical location of oil tank; oil pumps (pressure/scavenge); oil filters/screens; oil jets; oil cooler; scavenge subsystem; vent sub-system (air/oil separators); valves (bypass/check/relief).

Fuel control and metering systems
– Requirements, arrangement and principles of operation of gas turbine fuel control and metering system including: starting control, acceleration scheduling, over-speed governing, power limiting, temperature limiting, air density/altitude/outside air temperature (OAT)/airspeed compensation, and shutdown control.
– Operation and function of fuel system components: main fuel pumps, fuel filters (HP and LP), fuel heater, fuel control unit (hydro-pneumatic, hydro mechanical and electromechanical), governors and limiting devices, engine sensing variables, and valves (throttle/dump/ shut off).

Engine air systems
– Requirements, arrangements and principles of operation of gas turbine engine air distribution and anti-ice control systems (including internal cooling, sealing and external air services).
– Relationship, location and operation of engine internal cooling/sealing system components, air distribution/ external services components, and air starting system components.
– Effects of faults in components on internal cooling/ sealing, anti-icing, antisurge, bleed and air distribution systems.

Starting and ignition systems
– Requirements, arrangements and principles of operation of gas turbine engine starter systems and their com- ponents: electric starters, starter generators, air turbine starters, turbo starter systems (cartridge and monofuel), and pressure regulating and shut-off valves.
– Requirements, arrangements and principles of operation of the following engine ignition systems and their components: low voltage D.C. input, high voltage AC input, igniter and glow plug types, and harnesses.
– Safety precautions during servicing and maintenance of engine ignition systems.
– Effect of faults in components of engine ignition and starting systems.

Power augmentation systems
– Principles of operation, requirements and typical location of components in water injection and water/ methanol injection systems.
– Interrelationship between the augmentation system components and the fuel control system.
– Principles of operation and typical location of components in a reheat/afterburner system: burner ring, variable propulsion nozzle/two-position propulsion nozzle, burner ignition (spark, hotshot and catalytic), jet pipe, cooling/airflow, and heat shield.
– Effects of faults in engine power augmentation systems.

Engine controls
– Principles of operation, requirements and typical location of components of the following engine controls: linkages and controls to and from propeller coordinator/interconnector and fuel control unit; units and components interconnected for emergency shut- down; mechanical control inputs and outputs for electrical fuel control systems; throttle/power/condition levers, cables and linkages.
– Effects and rectification of faults in engine controls.
– Electronic engine control (digital and analogue) includ- ing Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC).

Engine operation, maintenance, and ground running
– Precautions and pre-start chec k s prior to ground running a gas turbine engine.
– General procedures for starting, ground run-up and stopping a gas turbine engine.
– Determination of engine and system malfunctions by using given typical manufacturers’ data.
– Interpretation of engine power output and parameters from limitation/performance charts.
– Principles of trend monitoring pertaining to engine condition.
– Determination of engine condition/defects from obtained data.
– Inspection of engine and components according to criteria, tolerances and data specified by engine manufacturer.
– Hot section inspections and manufacturer designated module split inspections.
– Compressor washing/soft blasting.

Engine installation, storage and preservation
– Function, construction and configuration of typical gas turbine engine firewalls; cowlings; acoustic panels; engine mountings; anti-vibration mounts; hoses; pipes; feeders; connectors; wiring looms; control cables and rods; lifting points and drains.
– Blade containment areas/rings.
– Basic requirements for the preservation and de- preservation of gas turbine engines, accessories and systems (both installed (on the wing) and during storage).

Turboprop engines
– Gas-coupled and gear-coupled turbines.
– Reduction gears: construction, function and layout.
– Over-speed safety devices.
– Propellers for turboprops: design factor, starting requirements, constant speeding, feathering and braking control systems.

Principles of propulsion
– Undestanding of the following conditions, their relationship to each other and their application to engine operation :
• Gross thrust.
• Net thrust.
• Chocked nozzle thrust.
• Thrust distribution.
• Resultant thrust
• Thrust horsepower
• Equivalent shaft horsepower
• Spesific fuel consumption.
– Adiabatic, thermal and propulsive engine efficiencies and ways to derive them. – Bypass ratio and engine pressure ratio.
– Pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas flow as it passes through each section of engine.

Inlet ducts
– Principles of operation and construction of the following compressor inlet ducts: subsonic, supersonic and bell-mouth.
– Effects on pressure, velocity and temperature of airflow through convergent, divergent and convergent- divergent ducts.
– Effects of ram recovery and the causes of inlet duct losses.

Centrifugal compressors
– Constructional features, materials, operating principles and applications of single stage and multi-stage centrifugal compressors.
– Purpose and function of impellers, diffusers, and inlet guide vanes.
– Pressure ratios, inspection and balancing.

Axial compressors
– Constructional features, materials, operating principles and applications of the following axial flow compressors: single spool, dual/twin spool and triple spool.
– Purpose and function of rotor blades, stator blades, and fixed inlet guide vanes and variable inlet guide vanes.

Compressor operation
– Purpose, constructional features, materials, operating principles and application of the following axial flow compressors : single spool, dual/twin spool and triple spool.
– Causes, effect and control of compressor stall and surge.
– Principal methods of air flow control : bleed valves, variable inlet guide vanes, variable stator vanes and rotating stator vanes.
– Compressor ratio and ways to derive it.

Combustion section
– Constructional features, materials and principles of operation of the following combustion chambers and their respective advantages and disadvantages :
can type, can-annular type and reverse flow annular type. – Understanding of the following terms :
• Primary zone/airflow
• Secondary xone/airflow (dilution and cooling)
• Combustion fuel/air ratio
• Overall fuel/air ratio
• Flame temperatures
• Flame stabilization
– Construction, purpose and principles of simplex (single orifice) atomizing fuel nozzles, duplex (dual orifice) atomizing fuel nozzles, spill type atomizing fuel nozzles and vapourizing type nozzles.
– Construction, purpose and operation of swirl chambers, air shrouds and discharge orifice.

Turbine section
– Principles of operation and characteristics of the following turbine blading: impulse, reaction and impulse-reaction.
– Purpose and function of nozzle guide vanes and driving force for impulse and impulse reaction turbines.
– Differences between turbine power extractions require- ments for turbojet, turbofan and turboprop engines.
– Various methods of turbine blade to disc attachment.
– Causes and effects of turbine blade stress.
– Factors which determine blade creep.
– Constructional properties of typical materials used in the fabrication of turbine components.

Exhaust section
– Constructional features, purpose, operating principles and materilas of exhaust system: cone, tailpipe, propelling nozzle, cooling shroud, and gas flow straighteners.
– Purposes of convergent, divergent and variable area nozzles.
– Pressure, velocity and temperature changes that occur in various types of exhaust systems.
– Principles of operation, constructional features and purpose of thrust reverser.
– Effect of thrust reverses on engine effecieny, re-ingestion of exhaust gases, and magnitude of reverse thrust produced.
– Methods of reducing engine noise level.
– Relationship between turbulence and energy in the exhaust gas stream to engine noise levels, typical noise patterns and methods of reducing noise levels.

Bearings and seals
– Types, constructional features and principles of operation of bearings used in gas turbine engines.
– Primary loads and causes acting on the engine main bearings.
– Purpose, construction and principles of operation of typical gas turbine engine bearing seals.

Classification and properties of lubricants and fuels
– Basic requirements of a gas turbine lubricant: viscosity and viscosity index.
– Desirable characteristics of synthetic-based lubricants: low volatility, antifoaming quality, low lacquers and coke deposit, high flashpoint, and low pour point.
– Properties of gas turbine fuels: specific gravity, calorific value, vapour pressure, flashpoint, fire hazard, fuel icing, and corrosion characteristics.
– Fuel additives: anti-icing and anti-microbiological.
– Ground handling requirements and safety precautions to be observed in relation to gas turbine engine fuels, oils and additives.
– Effects of the following on safety, handling and inspection procedures: exposure to skin or eyes, flammability, misting, evaporation rate, gum formation, corrosion, contamination (water and dirt), and sampling.

Lubrication systems
– Arrangement, requirements and principles of operation of gas turbine engine lubrication system.
– Function, relationship and typical location of oil tank; oil pumps (pressure/scavenge); oil filters/screens; oil jets; oil cooler; scavenge subsystem; vent sub-system (air/oil separators); valves (bypass/check/relief).

Fuel control and metering systems
– Requirements, arrangement and principles of operation of gas turbine fuel control and metering system including: starting control, acceleration scheduling, over-speed governing, power limiting, temperature limiting, air density/altitude/outside air temperature (OAT)/airspeed compensation, and shutdown control.
– Operation and function of fuel system components: main fuel pumps, fuel filters (HP and LP), fuel heater, fuel control unit (hydro-pneumatic, hydro mechanical and electromechanical), governors and limiting devices, engine sensing variables, and valves (throttle/dump/ shut off).

Engine air systems
– Requirements, arrangements and principles of operation of gas turbine engine air distribution and anti-ice control systems (including internal cooling, sealing and external air services).
– Relationship, location and operation of engine internal cooling/sealing system components, air distribution/ external services components, and air starting system components.
– Effects of faults in components on internal cooling/ sealing, anti-icing, antisurge, bleed and air distribution systems.

Starting and ignition systems
– Requirements, arrangements and principles of operation of gas turbine engine starter systems and their com- ponents: electric starters, starter generators, air turbine starters, turbo starter systems (cartridge and monofuel), and pressure regulating and shut-off valves.
– Requirements, arrangements and principles of operation of the following engine ignition systems and their components: low voltage D.C. input, high voltage AC input, igniter and glow plug types, and harnesses.
– Safety precautions during servicing and maintenance of engine ignition systems.
– Effect of faults in components of engine ignition and starting systems.

Power augmentation systems
– Principles of operation, requirements and typical location of components in water injection and water/ methanol injection systems.
– Interrelationship between the augmentation system components and the fuel control system.
– Principles of operation and typical location of components in a reheat/afterburner system: burner ring, variable propulsion nozzle/two-position propulsion nozzle, burner ignition (spark, hotshot and catalytic), jet pipe, cooling/airflow, and heat shield.
– Effects of faults in engine power augmentation systems.

Engine controls
– Principles of operation, requirements and typical location of components of the following engine controls: linkages and controls to and from propeller coordinator/interconnector and fuel control unit; units and components interconnected for emergency shut- down; mechanical control inputs and outputs for electrical fuel control systems; throttle/power/condition levers, cables and linkages.
– Effects and rectification of faults in engine controls.
– Electronic engine control (digital and analogue) includ- ing Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC).

Engine operation, maintenance, and ground running
– Precautions and pre-start chec k s prior to ground running a gas turbine engine.
– General procedures for starting, ground run-up and stopping a gas turbine engine.
– Determination of engine and system malfunctions by using given typical manufacturers’ data.
– Interpretation of engine power output and parameters from limitation/performance charts.
– Principles of trend monitoring pertaining to engine condition.
– Determination of engine condition/defects from obtained data.
– Inspection of engine and components according to criteria, tolerances and data specified by engine manufacturer.
– Hot section inspections and manufacturer designated module split inspections.
– Compressor washing/soft blasting.

Engine installation, storage and preservation
– Function, construction and configuration of typical gas turbine engine firewalls; cowlings; acoustic panels; engine mountings; anti-vibration mounts; hoses; pipes; feeders; connectors; wiring looms; control cables and rods; lifting points and drains.
– Blade containment areas/rings.
– Basic requirements for the preservation and de- preservation of gas turbine engines, accessories and systems (both installed (on the wing) and during storage).

Turboprop engines
– Gas-coupled and gear-coupled turbines.
– Reduction gears: construction, function and layout.
– Over-speed safety devices.
– Propellers for turboprops: design factor, starting requirements, constant speeding, feathering and braking control systems.

Defining the Research Problem
– Selecting the Problem
– Technique Involved in Defining a Problem

Research Design
– Meaning of Research Design
– Need for Research Design
– Features of a Good Design

Sampling Design
– Charateristics of a Good Sample Design

Measurement and Scaling Technique
– Measurement Scales

Methods of Data Collection
– Collection of Primary Data
– Collection of Secondary Data

Processing and Analysis of Data
– Processing
– Analysis Data

Interpretation and Report Writing Template of Article

Using artificial intelligence in the the review process.